9/19/2023 0 Comments Radium effects on body biologyThat process is not limited to potassium, but can occur with iodine, sodium, radium, and so on. Some of the ingested potassium is absorbed in tissue. Potassium is an essential mineral in ourĭiet. A salt containing natural potassium will always contain some radioactive potassium-40 ( 40K). For instance, sodium-23 ( 23Na) is stable, but sodium-22 ( 22Na) and sodium-24 ( 24Na) are radioactive similarly, iodine-127 ( 127I) is stable, and iodine-131 ( 131I) is radioactive. ![]() The emitted particles are a form of radiation originating from radioactivity.Įvery element in the periodic chart has at least one isotope that is radioactive. Some nuclei are unstable, and these can transform (decay) into more stable nuclei by emitting particles-a process called radioactive decay. There is another isotope of hydrogen with one proton and one neutron, 2H, called deuterium and also one proton and two neutrons, 3H, called tritium. For example, the element hydrogen has one proton, 1H. Isotopes are identified by the name of the element and the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. However, atoms of the same element can have a different number of neutrons in the nucleus. Every element such as hydrogen, oxygen, or iron are defined by the number of protons in the nucleus. Radioactivity is another important source of ionizing radiation. ![]() Some sources of radiation are man-made, such as x-ray machines, particle accelerators used for cancer therapy, and nuclear power reactors used to generate electricity. For example, the sun continuously emits particles that reach the atmosphere and result in a continuous shower of elementary particles on the surface of the earth. The process that accelerates particles to form radiation can occur naturally. RECA is related specifically to diseases found to have an association with exposure to ionizing radiation. Ionization created by radiation in living systems can have unique biologic consequences that are different from those caused by nonionizing radiation. Microwaves, ultraviolet radiation, visible light, and infrared are also photons, but they do not result in ionization and are referred to as nonionizing radiation. X rays and gamma rays are particles called photons that can create ionization. Some types of radiation can transfer energy in a manner that creates ionization in the object. The process of removing an orbital electron from an atom is called ionization. For instance, atoms in an irradiated object are neutral they each consist of a positively charged nucleus (made up of protons and neutrons) surrounded by negatively charged electrons. Many different types of interactions can take place when radiation strikes an object. ![]() The third section describes the methods used to identify and measure the risks to persons who are exposed to radiation. The second presents the biology necessary for understanding how radiation affects cells and the mechanisms of radiation injury and repair. The first presents the principles of physics related to ionizing radiation. The chapter is divided into three sections. It is limited to scientific topics directly related to the basic charge presented to the committee. This chapter will give concerned readers an opportunity to become familiar with the terminology and concepts used in the radiological sciences. The topics are even more complicated in the context of the Radiation Exposure Compensation Act (RECA) and the Radiation Exposure Screening and Education Program (RESEP). The scientific issues related to radiation and associated health effects are complex and may be confusing for persons not professionally involved with them. Basic Concepts in Radiation Physics, Biology, and Epidemiology
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